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study1

Summary of the results

WHO took part in the study?

WHAT did I find out?

What values am I talking about?
Human values are “desirable, transsituational goals, varying in importance, that serve as guiding principles in people’s lives” according to the social psychologist and value researcher Shalom Schwartz (1996, p. 2). His theory of basic human values proposes that 10 basic value types exist universally: power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity and security (e.g., Schwartz, 1992). As illustrated in the diagram below, the 10 values types are organized in a circular structure. This circle emerges from complementary relationship of neighbouring values (e.g., power and achievement) and conflicting relation of opposing values (e.g., self-direction and security). The circular structure of 10 values types is due to two underlying basic value dimensions: the horizontal dimension is represented by the two conflicting poles of openness to change vs. conservatism, and the vertical dimension is represented by the two conflicting poles called self-transcendence vs. self-enhancement (for details see e.g., Schwartz, 1992).

When talking about values in the following section I will only refer to the two basic value dimensions: conservatism vs. openness to change and self-transcendence vs. self-enhancement. If a person endorses conservative values, it means that he or she values tradition (e.g., by being humble, devout, respect for tradition, being moderate), security (e.g., family security, national security, social order) and conformity (e.g., politeness, being obedient, self-discipline). If a person endorses openness to change values, it means that he or she strives for stimulation (such as, excitement, novelty, and challenge in life) and self-direction (such as, independent thought and action choosing, creating, exploring). Furthermore, persons who endorse self-enhancement values pursue power (e.g., social status and prestige), achievement (by being successful, capable, ambitious, influential) and hedonism (such as, pleasure, enjoying life) in their life. On the contrary, endorsing self-transcendence values involves pursuing universalism (such as wisdom, social justice, equality, a world at peace, a world of beauty, unity with nature) and benevolence (such as being helpful, honest, forgiving, loyal, responsible).

Music preferences across four cultures
  Preferences for international music styles
  Preferences for national music styles

Music preferences and values

  Rock and Metal music
  Pop and Hip Hop music
  Classical music and Jazz

Music preferences and national identity

References



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